Objective: To develop and validate a continuous, interpretable severity index for keratoconus using a Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) to improve early detection and disease staging, particularly for forme fruste keratoconus (FFKC) in refractive surgery screening. Design:Retrospective case-control study. Subjects, Participants, and/or Controls:A total of 384 eyes from 384 participants were included: 101 keratoconic eyes, 132 forme fruste keratoconus eyes (fellow eyes of keratoconus patients), and 151 normal control eyes derived from refractive surgery candidates with at least 2 years of uneventful follow-up.Methods, Intervention, or Testing: Corneal tomographic parameters were obtained using Pentacam HR and biomechanical parameters using Corvis ST.A KAN model was trained using categorical diagnostic labels (normal, FFKC, keratoconus) to generate a continuous, dimensionless Continuous Severity Index (CSI).CSI performance was compared with established indices, including CBI, cCBI, TBI, cTBI, and SSI, using receiver operating characteristic analysis.Feature attribution analysis J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f was performed to explore stage-dependent parameter contributions.Main Outcome Measures: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and optimal cutoff values for differentiating disease stages.Results: CSI achieved an AUC of 1.000 for distinguishing KC from normal eyes, and 0.859 for distinguishing FFKC from normal eyes, outperforming all conventional biomechanical and tomographic indices.In combined screening tasks, CSI demonstrated superior performance in identifying any ectatic change (FFKC + KC vs normal, AUC = 0.920) and advanced disease (KC vs normal + FFKC, AUC = 0.998).Feature attribution analysis further revealed a stage-dependent shift in dominant contributors, with biomechanical parameters prevailing at lower CSI levels and tomographic asymmetry features increasingly governing advanced disease. Conclusions:The KAN-derived Continuous Severity Index enables unified, continuous, and interpretable quantification of keratoconus severity, outperforming existing indices in both early screening and disease staging.By capturing the biologically coherent progression from biomechanical instability to morphological deformation, CSI provides a clinically meaningful tool for refractive surgery screening and keratoconus management.
Qiao et al. (Sun,) studied this question.