What question did this study set out to answer?

This review aims to analyze liquid level detection methods using Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) in industrial settings.

March 28, 2026Open Access

A Review on Liquid Level Detection using Programmable Logic Controller

Key Points

This review aims to analyze liquid level detection methods using Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) in industrial settings.
Evaluated PLC-based SISO and MIMO systems for liquid level control.
Discussed the implementation of VSDs for energy and water conservation in pump systems.
Reviewed the use of swarm optimization-based PID controllers with PLCs for responsiveness.
Assessed a low-cost smart water pump system utilizing ESP32 and ESP for real-time control.
VSDs in PLC motor control showed a 15–20% reduction in energy consumption and 10–15% decrease in water loss.
The swarm optimization PID controller provided quick responses with minimal water level fluctuations.
The smart water pump system ensured reliable operation without internet dependence.

Abstract

In industries, effective liquid level control is essential. Sensors are used by PLC-based SISO and MIMO systems to provide precise automatic regulation, high dependability, and ease of use. 1 A PLC–VSD motor control system to lower energy and water loss in pumps is presented in the paper. VSDs improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness by adjusting motor speed based on demand, saving 15–20% energy and 10– 15% water. 2 A Mitsubishi PLC with pressure sensors and Omron SCADA over Ethernet is equipped with a swarm optimization- based PID controller. It guarantees quick reaction times and little variation in the water level. 3 ESP32 and ESP are used in a low-cost smart water pump system for water level display and real- time local control. Without relying on the internet, it guarantees reliable, low-latency functioning. 4

A Review on Liquid Level Detection using Programmable Logic Controller

Key Points

Abstract

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