A bstract Background: Cultural competence is a core component of equitable and high-quality healthcare delivery in increasingly diverse populations. While cultural competence training is widely promoted for healthcare providers, its measurable impact on patient outcomes remains inconsistently reported and warrants rigorous synthesis. Objectives: To determine the effects of cultural competence training interventions for healthcare providers on patient-related outcomes. Materials and Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was performed for studies published between 2010 and 2024, using a population/patients intervention comparison outcome-based search strategy. Searches were conducted between 2 and 10 October 2024. Studies evaluating cultural competence training for healthcare providers and reporting patient outcomes were included. Data on study characteristics and outcomes were extracted, and the methodological quality was assessed. A Hartung–Knapp random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool effect estimates, with subgroup analyses by intervention type and study design. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing workshop-based, e-learning, and simulation-based training interventions. Cultural competence training was associated with significant improvements in patient satisfaction, treatment adherence, communication quality, and selected clinical outcomes. Meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant positive effect on patient outcomes, with a pooled adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.82–2.41). Between-study heterogeneity was low ( I 2 =21%). Subgroup analysis showed that simulation-based interventions yielded the strongest effect (AOR = 2.59). No evidence of significant publication bias was identified. Conclusion: Cultural competence training for healthcare providers particularly simulation-based and well-integrated approaches significantly improves patient-centered outcomes across diverse healthcare settings. These findings support the routine implementation of structured cultural competence training, while highlighting the need for continued evaluation using robust study designs to further strengthen the evidence base. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD420251153984, 24th September, 2025.
Jacob et al. (Fri,) studied this question.