Human biochemistry forms the scientific foundation of modern dental education by linking molecular mechanisms to oral health and disease. The biochemical processes occurring within the mouth closely parallel those operating in other tissues and organ systems, underscoring the systemic nature of oral health. Saliva, a complex biological fluid, plays a central role in maintaining oral homeostasis through its buffering capacity, antimicrobial proteins, enzymes, and immunoglobulins that support both innate and adaptive immunity. Key salivary constituents-including lysozyme, amylase, cystatins, mucins, peroxidases, and statherin-significantly contribute to oral defense, microbial regulation, and tooth integrity. An understanding of structural proteins such as collagen, which constitutes a major component of dentin and periodontal tissues, is essential for appreciating tooth architecture, integrity, and pathology. The metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids begins in the mouth through enzymes such as salivary amylase and lingual lipase, highlighting the importance of biochemical pathways in dental disease processes. Acid–base balance and buffering systems play a important 5role in salivary pH regulation, directly influencing enamel demineralization and remineralization, thereby affecting dental caries susceptibility. Systemic metabolic disorders, particularly diabetes mellitus, exhibit multiple oral manifestations including periodontal disease, impaired wound healing, xerostomia, and increased susceptibility to infection. Dentists must therefore interpret biochemical and laboratory parameters-such as glycemic control markers and coagulation profiles—to maintain safety and efficiency of patient care. This review highlights the expanding importance of biochemistry in dental education, diagnostics, research, and clinical practice, emphasizing its role in improving patient outcomes through a holistic understanding of mouth and overall body health.
Burje* et al. (Mon,) studied this question.