• High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems for frequency regulation. • Inverter air conditioners provide ancillary services for frequency regulation. • Frequency regulation using distributed model predictive control (MPC). • Simultaneous regulation of frequency and indoor temperature deviations. • Enhanced frequency stability in a two-area interconnected power system. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems provide an effective means of supporting frequency regulation in multi-area asynchronous power networks, while intelligent loads such as inverter air conditioners (IACs) can also contribute to system frequency regulation. This paper proposes a cooperative control strategy for HVDC systems and IACs to regulate both system frequency and indoor temperature using distributed model predictive control (DMPC). The weighting factors associated with frequency and temperature deviations are analyzed and optimally tuned using the firefly algorithm (FLA). Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly suppresses frequency fluctuations across all system areas, even under disturbance conditions, while maintaining acceptable indoor temperature variations.
Pahasa et al. (Mon,) studied this question.