ABSTRACT Increasing marine pollution resulting from ship electrification via conventional shipboard power system (SPS) has necessitated the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) to the SPS making it hybrid SPS (HSPS). However, there are associated challenges in HSPS due to intermittent nature of RESs. This study, thus, considers a HSPS and designs a novel marine predator algorithm (MPA) tuned double stage/cascaded fractional order controller—fuzzy proportional derivative coupled with fractional order tilt integral (CFPD‐FOTI) control—for establishing power balance and maintaining frequency stability in HSPS against generation‐load uncertainties. The HSPS comprises the photovoltaic (PV) system, sea wave energy converter (SWEC), fuel cell (FC), flywheel energy storage system (FESS), battery energy storage system (BESS), and the ship diesel generators (SDGs). The proposed cascaded control framework significantly improves frequency regulation, dynamic performance, and system stability, thus constituting a meaningful technical contribution. Evaluation under parameter variations further enhances the practical relevance and robustness of the proposed cascaded control approach. Furthermore, comparative analysis of performance of the proposed controller against various other controllers establishes the proposition a dependable and efficient strategy. The proposed controller is also assessed for stability via eigenvalue analysis and bode plots. Simulations are executed using MATLAB.
Malik et al. (Tue,) studied this question.