Ancient people and living nature: A global perspective on archaeological areas and biodiversity

Abstract Archaeological sites are not only of cultural and historical significance but also contribute to biodiversity conservation. Often marked by limited human disturbance and distinct ecological conditions, these areas serve as important refuges for various plant and animal species, playing a vital role in global conservation efforts. This review explores the relationship between archaeological sites and biodiversity through a systematic literature analysis using multiple databases and keywords. The goal was to evaluate the ecological value of these sites and identify key taxonomic groups, functional typologies, and geographic trends. A total of 241 studies were analysed, encompassing 1412 unique archaeological sites worldwide. Research spans all continents, though unevenly distributed. Most studies focus on biodiversity and conservation, followed by biodeterioration, while ecological, ethnographic, and sustainability‐focused work remains marginal. There is a strong bias towards flora, with 87% of studies emphasizing plant life. Among these, vascular plants dominate (over 79%), while lichens (14.4%), and especially mosses (3.2%), and algae (3.2%) are underrepresented. Among fauna, reptiles are the most studied group, followed by bats and non‐volant mammals, together accounting for nearly one‐third of animal‐focused studies. The remaining include birds (14%), amphibians (8%), fish (3%), molluscs (9.5%), and arthropods (12.5%). A subset of studies (32%) also documents the presence and ecological role of alien species within archaeological sites, highlighting both conservation challenges and management trade‐offs. Regarding archaeological site typologies, settlements (39%) and cultural sites (24%) receive the most attention, followed by funerary areas (18%) and defensive operas (17%). Functional infrastructures and public spaces are notably understudied, both comprising just 1% of studies, respectively. The integration of cultural heritage management with environmental sustainability is crucial for the conservation of biodiversity and historic landscapes. Conservation strategies should incorporate sustainable tourism practices, control invasive species, promote interdisciplinary collaboration, and implement climate adaptation measures. By recognizing the ecological importance of archaeological sites, policymakers and conservationists can develop holistic management approaches that safeguard both cultural heritage and biodiversity for future generations. Moreover, professionals and communicators can find new compelling narratives to disseminate their values to the wider public. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.