founded in Macao in December in 2009, which I and Yumiko Yahagi attended as representatives of Japan by the recommendation of Henry Pont (1) ell.Liu mentioned that, despite the wide diversity of nations and cultures, there are enough common features in human criminal behavior and crime control to call for the study of shared experiences and the exchange of knowledge in dealing with crime problems in different nations and cultures (Liu : 7) .Then, he insisted that researches and practices in Asian countries should be part of the literature of international and comparative criminology.What common features can we see in Asian criminology?What possibility do Asian criminologists have to develop both criminology in (96)191 ( 1 ) Since this founding conference I continue to attend every annual conference until the 12 th conference of ACS.Possibility of Developing Asian Criminology through the Development of Criminology in Japan Minoru Yokoyama Possibility of Developing Asian Criminology through the Development of Criminology in Japan(Minoru Yokoyama)their own country and Asian criminology in general?I would like to think about these issues by tracing experiences of developing criminology in Japan. Birth of Criminology in JapanIn 1858 Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce was concluded, after which Japanese persons began to introduce the modern culture actively from Western advanced countries.After the Meiji Restoration in 1868 this introduction was facilitated.Japanese language is composed of the combination of Kanji (Chinese characters) and two syllabary symbols, that is, Kana and Katakana.When we translate a word written in some foreign language of which the meaning we do not yet know, we invent new Kanji to denote it.When we translate such a word as a foreign country and foreigner's name, we denote it by Katakana.In such a way, in Meiji era young able bureaucrats could translate French Code to introduce modern Western legal system.Then, many books on criminal laws and criminology were translated by the use of Kanji invented to denote jargon.It was one reason why Japanese people succeeded in introducing the modern criminal justice system quickly at on early stage of Meiji era .It was difficult for Japanese people to understand real meaning of foreign language through books translated into Japanese.Then, the Japanese government employed foreign scholars and experts to learn not only high 192(95) ( 2 ) After the finish of Sino-Japanese War in 1895 many Chinese able youngsters including Sun Yat-sen and Zhou Enlai visited Japan to study Japanology, as they could understand Kangji.Through books translated into Japanese language, they could also learn Western modern sciences and culture. 59 4 (2022) technology, but also Western systems including the legal system.In addition, the able Japanese youngsters were given opportunities to study in Western advanced countries.In such ways Japan succeeded in establishing the Westernized criminal justice by the end of 19 th century.Criminology was also introduced into Japan.Cesare Lombroso, an Italian psychiatrist, published a book entitled "Luomo delinquent" in 1876.In this book he insisted that criminality was inherited, and that someone "born criminal" could be identified by physical defects.By this insistence he is regarded as a founder of anthropological criminology.He and his followers are called as scholars affiliated with Italian school of positivist criminology.The theories advocated by them were introduced to Japan.Under the influence of their theories, in 1914 psychiatrists founded the Japanese Council of Criminology (Yokoyama, 2012 ; 223) .Since then the achievements of researches from the viewpoint of anthropological criminology and forensic medicine have accumulated.The achievements, especially those of forensic medicine by the use of high technology, could contribute to developing Asian criminology if they were more frequently published in English. Main theories on sociology advocated by such scholars as AugusteComte and Herbert Spencer were also introduced to Japan in Meiji era.At the beginning of Showa era the government suppressed communism and socialism to prosecute a war against China.In such a situation sociology was regarded as a kind of socialism.Therefore, achievements on criminology which American sociologists developed were not introduced into Japan during the war.After the Pacific War ended in 1945 the Allied Forces leaded by the United States occupied Japan.Then, the American models were intro-(94)193 Possibility of Developing Asian Criminology through the Development of Criminology in Japan(Minoru Yokoyama) duced to democratize Japan.The modern criminology from the viewpoint of psychology and sociology was actively introduced mainly from the United States into Japan.Able youngsters who learned psychology and behavioral sciences at universities in Japan began to work as probation officers at the family court and psychologists at the Juvenile Detention & Classification Homes.They developed psychological tests and the treatment programs to carry out such a new methods as a group therapy and a cognitive-behavioral treatment while adjusting those invented in the Western advanced countries to characters of Japanese criminals.To share their achievements, in 1962 they established the Japanese Association of Criminal Psychology.The achievements by Japanese psychologists and scholars in behavioral sciences could contribute to developing Asian criminology if they were translated into English.In the United States sociologists have developed criminology.Therefore, they do not use the term of "sociological criminology".After the end of the Pacific War Japanese sociologists began to research on some social problems such as juvenile delinquency and prostitution by the use of sociological frameworks developed in the United States.
Minoru Yokoyama (Tue,) studied this question.