Monitoring stress physiology through non-invasive techniques is critically important for the effective management of vulnerable wildlife species, particularly those experiencing substantial anthropogenic pressures. This study aimed to validate enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for accurately quantifying faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations, as indicators of physiological stress in Temminck’s pangolin (Smutsia temminckii). Due to significant ethical, logistical, and conservation challenges associated with the direct handling and experimental manipulation of this threatened species, the study utilized a biological validation approach, relying on opportunistic collection of faecal samples from pangolins during their rehabilitation after confiscation from illegal wildlife trafficking. Faecal samples collected from multiple individuals at various rehabilitation facilities were analysed using a cortisol, corticosterone, two 11-oxoaetiocholanolone (72a and 72 T), and a 5α-pregnane-3ß,11ß,21-triol-20-one (37e) EIA. Among these assays, both 72a and 72 T detected significant increases (> 150%) in fGCM concentrations in female pangolins following exposure to known stressors. Notably, the 72a assay also exhibited robust performance in male pangolins, providing evidence of its utility across sexes. The study further underscored that direct human interactions, even during rehabilitation, elicited pronounced physiological stress responses in pangolins. These insights are particularly crucial for refining rehabilitation protocols to minimize stress and enhance welfare outcomes for rescued animals. This validation study not only reinforces the applicability and efficacy of non-invasive hormone monitoring techniques but also emphasizes their critical role in assessing animal welfare, rehabilitation success, and broader conservation management strategies for Temminck’s pangolin.
Scheun et al. (Sun,) studied this question.