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Two major energy-related problems confront the world in the 50 years. First, increased worldwide competition for depleting fossil fuel reserves (derived from past) will lead to higher costs, both monetarily and politically. Second, atmospheric CO₂ levels are at their highest recorded level since records began. Further increases are predicted to produce large and uncontrollable impacts on the world climate. These projected impacts extend beyond climate to ocean acidification, because the ocean is a major sink for atmospheric CO2. 1 Providing a future energy supply that is secure and CO₂-neutral will require switching to nonfossil energy sources such as wind, solar, nuclear, and geothermal energy and developing methods for transforming the energy produced by these new sources into forms that can be stored, transported, and used upon demand.
Appel et al. (Fri,) studied this question.