ABSTRACT Despite growing attention to the circular bioeconomy (CBE), the steel industry currently lacks a standardised, sectoral measurement framework to facilitate a low‐carbon transition. In this study, a decision‐support framework for evaluating CBE performance in the steel industry is proposed. In this research, using a three‐step methodology comprising systematic literature review, large language modelling and a conflict‐aware cooperative game model, 189 studies were examined, and 83 indicators were identified and categorised into seven sustainability dimensions. To resolve stakeholder conflicts along the value chain, a cooperative game model with adaptive concavity and Shapley value allocation was employed, and the number of indicators was decreased to 54 consensus indicators. The proposed framework enhances operations strategy by formulating a measurement framework aligned with stakeholders based on the CBE philosophy. In practice, the framework can be used for strategic prioritisation, benchmarking and collective decarbonisation.
Zamani Babgohari et al. (Wed,) studied this question.