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Abstract Molecular oxygen can be electrochemically reduced to water via the 4e − transfer pathway or hydrogen peroxide via a 2e − pathway, which holds significant relevance within energy conversion and chemical synthesis. The specific oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathways intricately hinge upon the adsorption configuration and state of oxygen species. Precisely steering the adsorption state of oxygen species at the active sites serves as a crucial guiding principle for the design and preparation of ORR catalysts. This review succinctly summarizes the strategies employed to regulate the adsorption state of oxygen species on nonnoble metal catalyst surfaces, encompassing insights into the adsorption mechanism and state regulation of oxygen intermediates, with a particular focus on the 2e − ORR pathway to produce H 2 O 2 . Moreover, the persistent challenges that remain in the realm of non‐noble metal oxygen catalysts are pointed out and the prospects for their future development are meticulously evaluated.
He et al. (Wed,) studied this question.