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This article puts forward to build a novel virtual power plant (VPP) with electric vehicle (EV) fleet integration to smooth wind power output. First, the VPP framework and coordination mode are designed. Second, a novel configuration and optimization approach for storage size is developed by using wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) and particle swarm optimization algorithms, among which the exact mathematical formulation for the optimum WPD decomposed layers is first presented. Next, a coordinated control strategy for EV fleet and ultracapacitor is proposed to optimize their power output and prolong the battery lifetime by raising the depth of discharge and maximizing energy distribution of EV fleet. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Wang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.