Abstract Passive building design techniques are fundamental to achieving sustainable and energy-efficient structures, particularly in regions with composite climates like Delhi. This paper explores various passive strategies tailored for Delhi's unique climatic conditions, characterized by extreme temperature fluctuations and significant humidity variation throughout the year. Emphasis is placed on site-specific approaches, including orientation, shading, insulation, natural ventilation, thermal mass, and green roofs, to optimize indoor comfort while minimizing reliance on mechanical systems. The study includes a detailed analysis of traditional Indian architectural methods alongside modern advancements in passive design. A case study of Delhi evaluates the practical implementation of these techniques in residential and commercial buildings, highlighting measurable benefits in terms of thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and reduced environmental footprint. The findings suggest that passive design can significantly contribute to sustainable urban development in composite climates by addressing local environmental challenges while maintaining architectural aesthetics and functionality.
Seyed Morteza Moossavi (Fri,) studied this question.