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This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the challenges and corresponding solutions associated with wireless sensor networks (WSNs), particularly focusing on energy constraints, communication issues, network deployment, and security concerns. Through an in-depth analysis, it identifies the criticality of energy efficiency due to the limited power resources of sensor nodes, especially in inaccessible environments. Solutions such as energy harvesting from renewable sources and power-efficient communication protocols are explored. The paper further delves into the intricacies of communication protocols, emphasizing the need for adaptability and scalability to address the diverse requirements of WSN applications. It also discusses optimal network deployment strategies that mitigate coverage issues and maximize energy utilization. Security is high-lighted as a paramount issue, given the sensitive nature of the data handled by WSNs, and the paper outlines various lightweight cryptographic measures and privacy-preserving techniques to safeguard against threats. A case study on forest monitoring is presented to illustrate the real-world application of these solutions, showcasing the effectiveness of energy-efficient protocols and adaptive strategies in extending the network’s lifespan while ensuring robust performance. The paper concludes with insights into the future advancements expected in WSN technologies, which promise to enhance their sustainability, autonomy, and security, further integrating WSNs into the fabric of emerging Internet of Things.
Darbari et al. (Tue,) studied this question.