Analysis of machine learning and deep learning prediction models for sepsis and neonatal sepsis: A systematic review

Sepsis and Neonatal sepsis are major challenges in global healthcare because they cause life-threatening organ dysfunction in intensive care adult and pediatric patients due to down regulated host response to a particular infection. Early clinical identification of sepsis is difficult, and failure to provide prompt treatment can often lead to crucial stages and increase the rates of fatality. Thus an intense study is needed to determine and categorize sepsis in its initial stage. The complexity of varying clinical statistics makes it difficult to attain a precise definition in pediatrics. The advanced Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) technologies in the implementation of protocols show promising real-time models for predicting sepsis at the primary stage and thereby reducing the mortality rate. This review article contemplates the complete list of procedures through which sepsis and neonatal sepsis are speculated by ML and DL and concentrates specifically on data available in the adult emergency care unit as well as the neonatal intensive care unit. The survey process was carried out by searching terms related to ML and DL merged with topics concerning sepsis and neonatal sepsis. The literature analysis was carried out from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases for the period from 2015 to 2022. The assessment of the risk of bias was carried out for the eleven selected papers using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). The eleven papers were selected from different medical care units based on the performance measure AUROC, which ranges from 0.68 to 0.95. Five papers involving ML/DL models reduce the bias and lessen risk occurrence. Five papers generate an increase in bias but can be applied to new data. One paper works with above twenty-five features has high-risk probability but predicts patients within 5-6 h in the future. This survey portrays the role of prediction models that supports the researchers and clinicians for better decision-making and antibiotic administration at an earlier stage.