This essay traced the historical process by which essential elements of scientific advancement coalesced to form the system of American research universities. Initially, knowledge inspired by the scientific ethos relied on ad hoc organizations but had no grounding in educational institutions. Such a foundation emerged first in German universities and then inspired a handful of American universities. They, in turn, nurtured and incorporated a system of academic disciplines, producing a system of recognition for intellectual achievement which was incorporated into an academic reward system. Universities had limited resources for advancing knowledge. After 1920, American foundations embraced the scientific ethos of advancing knowledge through basic research. Until 1945, the system of research universities was steeply hierarchical, as resources were disbursed according to academic potential and achievement. After the war, the federal provision of research funds greatly expanded the size and effectiveness of this system. The post-Sputnik explosion of all supporting resources created the mature system of American research universities and solidified a federal partnership for the advancement of knowledge. As research universities prospered, they sponsored social-behavioral subjects having social objectives. Polarization of the political environment after 2000 increasingly affected research universities and the university research system. The hegemony of the scientific ethos was progressively eroded in favor of the priority of social justice memes. When diversity was imposed on the hiring of academic personnel, it corrupted the reward system based on the scientific ethos. In 2025 the Trump Administration regarded universities as an enemy and explicitly sought to control them for its own political ends. The politicization of universities and American society, first by the Left and then by the Right, now threatens to compromise the enormous achievements of American science.
Roger L. Geiger (Mon,) studied this question.