The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the development of intelligent smart systems that connect physical devices, sensors, and software applications to enable real-time data collection and analysis. This study presents an analysis of IoT-based smart systems and their applications across various domains. It explores the fundamental architecture of IoT, including sensing devices, communication networks, data processing units, and application layers that work together to enable seamless connectivity and automation. The paper highlights how IoT technologies enhance decision-making, operational efficiency, and service delivery through continuous monitoring and intelligent analytics. Key application areas such as smart homes, healthcare, smart cities, agriculture, industrial automation, and transportation systems are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the study examines critical challenges including data security, privacy concerns, interoperability issues, network scalability, and energy constraints in IoT environments. Emerging solutions such as edge computing, AI integration, and 5G connectivity are also analyzed to address these challenges. The findings emphasize that IoT-based smart systems play a vital role in enabling digital transformation and improving efficiency, productivity, and quality of life across multiple sectors.
Joseph Kiplagat (Sat,) studied this question.