What question did this study set out to answer?

This analysis aims to explore the metabolic diversity of depression in patients with heart failure and its impact on prognosis.

April 26, 2026Open Access

Distinct Metabolomic and Clinical Phenotypes of Depression in Heart Failure　― Pilot Exploratory Analysis ―

Key Points

This analysis aims to explore the metabolic diversity of depression in patients with heart failure and its impact on prognosis.
Pilot exploratory analysis of patients with heart failure and depression.

Structured PICO

Population

50 patients admitted for worsening heart failure who completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with an MMSE score ≥28, at a single center in Japan.

Outcome

Identification of metabolic subtypes of depression using k-means clustering of 163 metabolomic and 34 clinical parameters, and their correlation with PHQ-9 scores.surrogate

Depression in heart failure is metabolically heterogeneous, comprising a metabolic phenotype linked to glycerol and a cardiorenal phenotype linked to methylation pathways and hemodynamic stress.

Abstract

Background: Depression is common among patients with heart failure (HF) and worsens prognosis, but its metabolic heterogeneity remains unclear.

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