Unequal distribution of physicians remains a persistent challenge for health systems, particularly in countries with marked regional disparities. While increases in the overall physician workforce may improve aggregate service capacity, it is unclear whether such growth translates into balanced regional access to care. This study examines long-term regional dynamics in physician distribution in Türkiye to assess whether historically underserved regions have narrowed gaps in physician-related service capacity. A longitudinal ecological study was conducted using panel data from 26 regions in Türkiye over the period 2008–2023. Physician density (per 100,000 population) was used as a proxy for regional health service capacity. Convergence was assessed using two-way fixed effects models with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors. To address potential dynamic panel bias, a dynamic panel model was estimated as a robustness check. Spatial dependence and spillover effects were analysed using spatial econometric models. Dispersion trends were also examined over time. Physician density increased substantially across all regions over the study period. The results indicate statistically significant convergence, suggesting that regions with initially lower physician density experienced relatively faster growth. However, convergence was incomplete, and substantial regional differences persisted. Economic capacity and health infrastructure were positively associated with physician availability, while spatial spillover effects were limited. Dispersion analysis confirmed a reduction in regional inequality over time, although regional heterogeneity remained. Physician supply in Türkiye has expanded and regional disparities have narrowed, but convergence has been partial and uneven. National workforce growth alone appears insufficient to eliminate persistent regional imbalances in service capacity. Policies that combine workforce expansion with targeted regional development and infrastructure investment may be necessary to achieve more equitable health service provision.
Ahmet Düha Koç (Fri,) studied this question.