This study examines the dynamics of civil-military coordination and cooperation in disaster preparedness and response, with a focus on their role and importance, and key barriers that limit effective collaboration. Empirical evidence was collected during a joint international field exercise involving both civil and military teams, providing first-hand insights into main challenges and opportunities. A mixed-methods approach, combining scoping review, qualitative interviews and a quantitative questionnaire, was used to triangulate perspectives and identify key factors shaping civil-military interactions. The findings show that civil-military cooperation and coordination are widely regarded by practitioners and subject-matter experts as essential for effective disaster response, and that joint field exercises play a critical role in improving collaboration and mutual understanding. The study also highlights the complementary role of EU-NATO disaster response mechanisms, emphasizing integration rather than competition. Overall, the results advance understanding of barriers to collaborate and identify practical and organizational elements that can enable more effective joint action. These findings are particularly relevant in the context of emerging hybrid threats, where coordinated preparedness and response are increasingly crucial, and provide a foundation for future research and policy development aimed at strengthening civil-military disaster resilience. • Civil–military collaboration is crucial for effective disaster response • An international field exercise provided empirical insights from practitioners • A mixed-methods approach effectively identified barriers and enablers • Joint field exercises enhance civil–military coordination and cooperation • EU–NATO disaster assistance mechanisms are complementary, not competitive
Casartelli et al. (Wed,) studied this question.