The hole injection layer (HIL) plays a critical role in achieving high efficiency and operational stability in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). As a commonly used HIL, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is limited by its intrinsically low electrical conductivity and mismatched work function alignment with the hole transport layer (HTL), leading to inefficient hole injection and carrier imbalance. In this work, a mild citric acid (CA) treatment is used to simultaneously enhance the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS through the partial removal of insulating PSS and tune its work function for improved energy level alignment at the anode interface. This simultaneous optimization effectively enhances the hole transport capability, successfully matching the electron transport capability to realize highly improved charge carrier balance within the device. Consequently, Ir(ppy)3-based phosphorescent OLEDs featuring the optimally treated PEDOT:PSS HIL deliver a maximum external quantum efficiency of 20.37%, representing a 21% improvement over devices using pristine PEDOT:PSS, along with a twofold extension in operational lifetime. This strategy demonstrates a simple and controllable approach to interfacial engineering, providing practical guidance for the development of high-performance and stable OLEDs.
Wu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.