ECSM: A Unified Response–Propagation–Topology Framework for Gravity, Inertia, and Structure

We present a unified physical framework in which all observable phenomena arise from propagation in a finite-response medium. The theory is governed by a single coherence parameter controlling the dynamical regime, together with a structured interaction topology emerging from overlapping response domains. In this formulation, spacetime geometry, inertia, and interaction behaviour are not fundamental inputs, but effective descriptions of propagation, response, and topology within the medium. Gravitational phenomena emerge from propagation structure, while apparent mass discrepancies arise from response-mediated interaction domains rather than unseen matter or modified force laws. This framework provides a natural explanation for the long-standing tension between dark matter and modified gravity approaches by identifying both as limiting descriptions of a deeper response-controlled system. The resulting theory is fully dynamical, singularity-free, and produces explicit, testable predictions tied to coherence thresholds, induction scales, and topology-dependent interaction structure.