Despite the endurance of unipolarity in material terms, Russia insists that the world is now multipolar. In this article, I argue that such claims function less as an empirical diagnosis and more as rhetorical strategy of great power status-seeking. Explicit discursive status claims risk to appear vain and may thus backfire. To that end, Russia invokes multipolarity to reclaim its great power status without explicitly asking for prestige. The article identifies three conditions that allow this strategy to gain traction: China’s rise and its reluctance to embrace a bipolar structure; the normative reframing of multipolarity toward something inherently fair and just; and the enduring authority of realist language in world politics. The article traces how this narrative has gained traction not only among Russia’s strategic partners, but also among Western powers. Their adoption of multipolarity rhetoric helps validate Russia’s claim. The article concludes that multipolarity, far from being a neutral analytical term, has become a vehicle for status-seeking among major powers under the guise of structural description.
Pål Røren (Sun,) studied this question.