Early childhood caries is a significant public health concern, affecting nearly half of preschool children worldwide, with a reported prevalence of 49.6% in India. Conventional methods of diagnosis, based primarily on clinical examination and basic microbiological tests, often fail to detect the disease in its early stages, leading to delayed intervention. Metagenomic techniques provide a comprehensive understanding of the oral microbiome by identifying cariogenic microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, along with their acid-producing and biofilm-forming genes, before clinical signs become evident. This approach also helps detect antimicrobial resistance elements that may influence treatment outcomes. By integrating microbial analysis with routine dental assessment, clinicians and researchers can develop tailored preventive and therapeutic measures for individual patients and at the community level. Despite its potential, metagenomics faces challenges, including high costs, a shortage of trained personnel, and regulatory barriers. Continued research is essential for its clinical validation and broader use.
Shakti Rath (Thu,) studied this question.