Agroforestry as a Climate Resilience Adaptation Strategy for Sustainable Agricultural Output: Evidence From China and Europe

ABSTRACT Climate change is urgent and has multifaceted impacts on agricultural production and the national food security system, especially in climate‐vulnerable agricultural economies. The present study assesses the role of climate shocks and agricultural emissions in agricultural productivity and food dependency in China and the European Union (EU). Using the time series data, it adopted the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) methods in empirical estimation. The results show that climate shocks increase (decrease) food dependency (agricultural productivity) in China, whereas climate change decreases agricultural output and food dependency in the EU. On the one hand, agricultural carbon emissions boost (decline) agricultural productivity (food dependency) in China and stimulate it in the EU. In the robust analysis, the canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) confirms the results of the regression. Overall, the study provides comprehensive and cohesive climate policies for sustainable food supplies and agricultural production. From a policy suggestion, China and the EU need to accelerate the adoption of smart agriculture technologies—such as precision farming, digital monitoring systems, climate forecasting tools, and data‐driven irrigation—to enhance input efficiency, reduce environmental externalities, and stabilize production under climate uncertainty.