Mitochondrial dysfunction redirects proton transport and energy homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under variable pH and glucose conditions

Mitochondrial function is crucial for the regulation of energy metabolism, proton homeostasis, and stress adaptation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This study demonstrates the role of mitochondria in modulating cellular responses to varying extracellular pH (3.0, 5.0, 6.5) and glucose availability (0.5%, 2%). Results indicate that mitochondrial deficiencies in Δhap4 and ρ 0 mutants selectively impair growth under acidic pH and 0.5% glucose conditions, whereas wild-type cells maintain pH-independent growth. Mitochondrial impairment redistributes intracellular H + homeostasis regulation to plasma membrane and cytosolic H + -ATPases in a glucose- and pH-dependent manner, with ρ 0 cells exhibiting maximal reliance on non-mitochondrial ATPases. The N, N′ - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-sensitive J H + scales inversely with glucose availability, reflecting energy demand under nutrient limitation and acid stress. ρ 0 cells exhibit the highest alcohol dehydrogenase activity to regulate the redox balance in response to non-functional mitochondria. The highest total H + -ATPase activity measured in ρ 0 cells at pH 6.5 and 0.5% glucose conditions, combined with proton flux data, indicates the upregulation of plasma membrane and cytosolic ATPases activity for maintaining proton motive force and intracellular pH due to a complete loss of F o F 1 -ATPase contribution. These results pave the way for the construction of robust S. cerevisiae yeast strains to varying glucose and extracellular pH conditions. • pH 3.0 and glucose limitation restrict growth of impaired mitochondria strains. • Mitochondria regulate proton homeostasis in yeast under glucose limitation. • Pma controls intracellular ATP and H + levels during mitochondrial dysfunctions. • 2% glucose alleviates mitochondria defects through fermentation and ADH activation. • ADH induction maintains redox balance to compensate for mitochondrial impairment.