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Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one of the most efficient light scattering pigments known to man, and as a result it is widely used to deliver opacity, especially in paint formulations. However, due to the cost of TiO 2 , dwindling resources, and an energy intensive manufacturing process which produces undesirable by-products, substitutes are required to maintain a source of white pigment in the future and to comply with changing sustainability legislation. Many substitutes exist, including kaolin (both untreated and calcined), and hollow latex spheres. These, along with other alternatives, are reviewed.
Ruszala et al. (Tue,) studied this question.