A mechanical perspective on foliage leaf form and function

The mechanical behaviour of large foliage leaves in response to static and dynamic mechanical forces is reviewed in the context of a few basic engineering principles and illustrated in terms of species drawn from a variety of vascular plant lineages. When loaded under their own weight or subjected to externally applied forces, petioles simultaneously bend and twist, and thus mechanically operate as cantilevered beams. The stresses that develop in petioles reach their maximum intensities either at their surface or very near their centroid axes, where they are accommodated either by living and hydrostatic tissues (parenchyma and collenchyma) or dead and stiff tissues (sclerenchyma and vascular fibres) depending on the size of the leaf and the species from which it is drawn. Allometric analyses of diverse species indicate size‐dependent variations in petiole length, transverse shape, geometry and stiffness that accord well with those required to maintain a uniform tip‐deflection for leaves with laminae differing in mass. When dynamically loaded, the laminae of many broad‐leaved species fold and curl into streamlined objects, thereby reducing the drag forces that they experience and transmit to their subtending petioles and stems. From a mechanical perspective, the laminae of these species operate as stress‐skin panels that distribute point loads more or less equally over their entire surface. Although comparatively little is known about the mechanical structure and behaviour of foliage leaves, new advances in engineering theory and computer analyses reveal these organs to be far more complex than previously thought. For example, finite‐element analyses of the base of palm leaves reveal that stresses are decreased when these structures are composed of anisotropic as opposed to isotropic materials (tissues).