Human Resource Planning for Building Construction Processes Through the Integration of BIM and Line of Balance

Construction projects depend heavily on manual labor; however, workforce productivity is frequently constrained by poor planning and communication. This paper proposes a methodological framework that combines Building Information Modeling (BIM) with the Lines of Balance (LOB) technique to estimate, allocate, and visually coordinate crews in repetitive building work. Using a Design Science Research approach, the study draws on a systematic review of 29 eligible studies that identified 23 processes for human resource planning and allocation. These processes are structured into five planning categories: scope and duration, structuring and quantification, resource estimation and allocation, schedule baseline, and cost baseline. BIM support is operationalized through seven high-utility BIM applications identified by expert assessment (RUI > 0.75), including phase planning, scheduling, site utilization planning, and cost estimation. The framework connects model-based quantity takeoff and productivity assumptions with LOB-based sequencing and crew assignment. This integration enables early detection of spatiotemporal overlaps and workload imbalances through consistent BIM–LOB visualization. The method was implemented and calibrated in two residential case studies (one covering 295 m2 over 3 months and the other 3660 m2 over 22 months), resulting in workforce plans comprising 10 workers across five crews and 72 workers across nine crews. An evaluation involving 31 professionals indicates a high perceived utility, particularly in reducing errors in quantity and productivity estimation (RUI = 0.90) and crew quantification (RUI = 0.88).