Nitric oxide (NO), nitrite, nitrate, and its stable metabolite 3‐nitrotyrosine are important biomarkers for iNOS‐mediated oncogenic signaling. Therefore, accurate critical analysis needs sensitive and environmentally friendly analytical methodologies. Electrochemical sensors, fluorescence probes, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), paper‐based microfluidic devices (μPADs), metal‐organic framework (MOF) probes, photoelectrochemical biosensors, nano‐ZnO amperometric sensors, AI‐assisted colorimetric systems, and wearable electrochemical electrodes are some of these analytical platforms. The detection limits reported for the investigated systems depend on the target analyte and sensing technology, ranging from subnanomolar concentrations (e.g., around 0.2 nM for electrochemical sensors of 3‐nitrotyrosine) to micromolar levels (approximately 0.8 μM for smartphone colorimetric nitrite assays). Using the AGREE, GAPI, and NEMI metrics to assess greenness indicates a strong reduction of solvent consumption and analytical waste when compared with traditional HPLC‐UV and Griess spectrophotometry. We describe the working mechanisms of each platform: direct electro‐oxidation, photo‐induced charge–transfer, cavity imprinting, fluorescence quenching/enhancement, and plasmonic near‐field enhancement. Emerging approaches, such as AI‐assisted multiplexed detection, CRISPR‐based biosensors, organ‐on‐chip devices, and biodegradable paper, represent credible routes toward point‐of‐need deployment. Taken together, performance and sustainability data from four domains, pharmaceutical, environmental, food safety, and forensic chemistry, confirm that sensitive, eco‐friendly point‐of‐need nitric oxide detection is achievable in both laboratory and resource‐constrained settings.
Jakhar et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
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