Urea is a pervasive nitrogenous pollutant that must be effectively eliminated from wastewater to prevent ecological damage, but existing treatment technologies remain inadequate. Here we show an integrated urea oxidation reaction-membrane distillation system that simultaneously achieves near-complete urea removal and resource recovery. The system employs a medium-entropy metal-organic framework (ME-MOF) electrocatalyst, which requires only 1. 36 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) to achieve 100 mA cm-2 for urea electrooxidation. And, it operates stably for 1, 000 h at a total current of 1 A, enabling the removal of 99. 7% urea from concentrated streams to meet the stringent U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standard for fertilizer wastewater (<35 mg L-1 NH3-N). Operando characterizations reveal that entropy-stabilized multimetal sites enhance charge transfer and suppress Ni leaching. Furthermore, comprehensive life-cycle and techno-economic analyses demonstrate the system’s competitive environmental impact compared with conventional anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes, achieving economic viability with a net profit of 2. 9 per m3 of effluent treated, in contrast to a loss of 0. 63 per m3 for anammox treatment. Efficient removal of nitrogen-rich wastewater while recovering valuable chemicals remains a major challenge for sustainable water treatment. Here, the authors develop an integrated electrochemical membrane system that achieves near-complete urea removal and effective recovery of potassium hydroxide.
Zhang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.