Integrated planning and operation of multi-energy systems incorporating power, transportation, and hydrogen infrastructure in smart cities

The transition toward sustainable and intelligent urban environments requires the integration of multiple energy carriers and infrastructures. Smart cities necessitate coordinated energy management strategies that address the complex interactions among power, transportation, and hydrogen systems. This paper proposes an optimized framework for planning and management of multi-energy systems (MES) in smart cities, integrating the electrical, transportation, and hydrogen sectors. The proposed approach aims to minimize operational costs, carbon emissions, and waiting time of EVs while achieving an optimal allocation of resources, such as photovoltaic systems, fast charging stations for EVs, and hydrogen storage systems. The framework incorporates advanced control variables, including hydrogen-to-power, power-to-hydrogen, electrical demand response, and hydrogen demand response. Additionally, the model leverages key components of a complete hydrogen system, including hydrogen storage tanks, water electrolyzers, and fuel cells, for efficient resource utilization and enhanced system performance. Moreover, the Dynamic Network Assignment Simulation for Road Telematics (DYNASMART) software is employed in the proposed approach to accurately simulate the EVs within the traffic stream. By addressing the interdependencies among various energy sectors, this study provides a comprehensive and practical methodology for sustainable and cost-effective MES planning in smart cities, promoting significant reductions in investment costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and waiting time of EVs at the charging stations. The simulation results indicate a potential annual profit of 607 million and a 25% reduction in emissions. • Integration of MES links electrical, transport, and hydrogen sectors in smart cities. • Reducing costs, emissions, and EV wait times via optimized resource planning. • Employing H2P, P2H, DR, HDR, and EV charging with HST, WE, and FC components. • Optimal allocation of PV, FCS, and HSS to reduce emissions and investment cost. • Employing DYNASMART to simulate traffic for EV-aware energy planning.