Pressure-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Contributes to Early Hypertensive Remodeling

Background— High blood pressure causes a change in vascular wall structure involving altered extracellular matrix composition, but how this process occurs is not fully understood. Methods and Results— Using mouse carotid arteries maintained in organ culture for 3 days, we detected increased gelatin zymographic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 (168±13%, P <0.05) in vessels kept at low intraluminal pressure (10 mm Hg) compared with vessels at 80 mm Hg (100%), whereas in vessels maintained at high pressure (150 mm Hg), both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was induced (182±32%, P <0.05, and 194±21%, P <0.01, respectively). MMPs were detected in endothelial and smooth muscle cells by immunohistochemistry and in situ gelatin zymography. In vessels at 150 mm Hg, MMP activation was associated with a shift in the pressure-diameter curve toward greater distensibility ( P <0.01) compared with vessels at 80 mm Hg. However, distensibility was not altered in vessels at 10 mm Hg, in which only activated MMP-2 was detected. The role of MMPs in high pressure–induced vessel distensibility was confirmed by use of the MMP inhibitor FN-439, which prevented the shift in the pressure-diameter relationship. Furthermore, in carotid arteries from MMP-9–deficient mice, the pressure-dependent increase in MMP-2 and in situ gelatinolytic activity were maintained, but the upward shift in the pressure-diameter curve was abolished. Conclusions— MMP-9 seems to play a key role in the early stages of hypertensive vascular remodeling.