Implementation of world experience in constructing civil defence shelters

The intensification of contemporary military threats in Ukraine has necessitated a reassessment of approaches to civil protection and the integration of protective shelters into residential and civil infrastructure. The study aimed to analyse Ukrainian legislation alongside selected international practices in order to identify effective models for incorporating protective spaces into buildings and to substantiate directions for expanding the classification of protective structures. The methodological framework was based on a comprehensive analysis of national regulatory documents, a comparative evaluation of international experience, and the generalisation and systematisation of best practices. Particular attention was given to the legislative and technical approaches implemented in Israel and Singapore, especially regarding the integration of shelters into buildings, rapid accessibility, and functional efficiency. The research also considered economic feasibility and the practical aspects of implementing such solutions within existing and newly constructed facilities. The findings demonstrated that international practice consistently emphasised the critical importance of minimising the time required for citizens to access shelters, which was achieved through the integration of protected spaces directly into residential and industrial buildings or through the deployment of modular shelter systems. The analysed cases revealed that such approaches ensured a higher level of population safety, particularly under conditions of frequent and unpredictable threats. It was established that both Israel and Singapore had successfully embedded these solutions within their legislative frameworks, supported by clearly defined technical standards. The study substantiated the feasibility of gradually introducing integrated and modular protective structures in Ukraine, both in the process of post-war reconstruction and in new construction projects. The practical significance of the research lay in the formulation of recommendations for adapting Ukrainian legislation and improving the accessibility, efficiency, and resilience of civil protection infrastructure