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Abstract The history of urea synthesis is followed by a description of the fundamental thermodynamics underlying urea production. The basic chemistry, side reactions and physical chemistry are summarized, after which the way these fundamentals logically result in a number of constraints to urea production processes is explained. Challenges in urea production process design are highlighted. Finally, using a number of recent urea processes as examples, it is shown how these challenges are addressed in the industrial urea production processes currently offered by the main urea process licensors.
J. Meessen (Mon,) studied this question.
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