Hopelessness had a significant direct relationship with systolic blood pressure (p < .05) over a 24-year follow-up, whereas depression had no significant direct relationship with blood pressure.
Cohort (n=917)
Are hopelessness and depression associated with increased blood pressure over 24 years?
Hopelessness is significantly associated with increased systolic blood pressure over a 24-year period, whereas depression is not.
p-value: p=<.05
Hypertension is estimated to cause 12.8% of all deaths worldwide. Both literature and well-supported cognitive models indicate that hopelessness predicts depressive symptoms. This study aimed to test whether high levels of hopelessness are associated with increased blood pressure, as well as whether depression acts as a mediator between hopelessness and blood pressure. Data from the original 24-year longitudinal Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) were analyzed via linear regression (N = 917; 60.3% female; 62.9% European American; mean age = 42.96 years, SD = 16.94). Hopelessness was found to have a significant direct relationship with systolic blood pressure (SBP, p .05); while depression had no significant direct relationship with SBP or with DBP. Overall, findings indicated that hopelessness has a significant relationship with SBP. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Roane et al. (Tue,)은 혈압에서 코호트를 실시하였다(n=917). 절망감은 수축기 혈압(SBP)으로 평가되었다(p=<.05). 절망감은 24년 추적 조사 동안 수축기 혈압과 유의미한 직접적인 관계가 있었으며(p < .05), 반면 우울증은 혈압과 유의미한 직접적인 관계가 없었다.