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This article describes four teacher education programs and their student teachers' responses to why some students in their classrooms were not doing well. The responses and programs fell into two categories: education for replication of inequities and education for transformation. If teacher education programs want their prospective teachers to be academically successful with all students, programs need to adopt an orientation with multiculturalism and social justice at the center. Implications for accreditation criteria are also addressed.
Jacque Ensign (Sat,) studied this question.