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Hepatitis B is a disease that affects people throughout the world, and over 200 million are persistent carriers of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The chronic sequelae of this infection include chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The development of safe and highly effective hepatitis B vaccines now provides the means by which HBV infection, including the HBV chronic carrier state, can be prevented and the related mortality significantly reduced. The cost of these vaccines has significantly decreased and will soon approach levels at which the cost-effectiveness (cost per death prevented) of hepatitis B vaccine will be similar to that of other childhood vaccines. Integration of hepatitis B vaccine into the Expanded Programme on Immunization for mass vaccination of infants in areas where HBV infection is endemic and morbidity is high would be the most effective means of providing the coverage necessary for effective control and prevention.
Maynard et al. (1989) studied this question.