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The way to produce and use energy is undergoing deep changes with the fast-pace introduction of renewables and the electrification of transportation and heating systems. As a consequence, the electrical grid sees much higher power variability than in the past, challenging its frequency and voltage regulation. Energy storage systems will be fundamental for ensuring the energy supply and the voltage power quality to customers. This survey paper offers an overview on potential energy storage solutions for addressing grid challenges following a ”system-component-system” approach. Starting from system challenges, the energy storage technologies and their power electronics integration in the grid are described at component level considering the last scientific trends, including the hybrid energy storage concept. The impact of the energy storage technologies on the power systems are then described by exemplary large-scale projects and realistic laboratory assessment with Power Hardware In the Loop techniques, returning at system level. Finally, this work addresses some of the most important challenges for a sustainable and safe integration of energy storage systems, such as the circular economy and the safety aspects.
Carne et al. (Wed,) studied this question.