While predictive maintenance increasingly relies on artificial intelligence, strict dependence on cloud computing introduces network latency and demands continuous connectivity, creating critical bottlenecks for time-sensitive industrial applications. To overcome this, we introduce a novel hybrid edge-cloud architecture, which allows deploying an ultra-low-power microcontroller (ESP32-S3) without dedicated AI acceleration hardware to perform complete, operational, predictive maintenance on ultra-constrained embedded hardware. The edge model is optimized to be very small to ensure that increasing model complexity does not cause inference latency to exceed 100 ms or make real-time operation infeasible. We created a very compact INT8-quantized neural network to perform the simultaneous classification of faults and estimation of Time-to-Failure (TTF) with a deterministic mean inference time of 42.3 ms. It dynamically estimates prediction confidence, processes high-confidence predictions locally, and offloads uncertain predictions to a higher-capacity cloud model, and recovers 97.3% of the cloud accuracy gain at 92% of the cloud latency budget. An asymmetric loss function penalizes over-prediction of the remaining useful life, and thus it provides conservative and safe warnings of fault. Operators’ interpretability is improved with Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and natural-language recommendations. Network outages of up to 50% have not influenced the safety-critical fault recall (above 0.924), so graceful degradation is reached when the network is used in real time in industrial applications. The edge-first with adaptive cloud fallback approach is demonstrated to be technically feasible for a full predictive maintenance workflow—including inference, confidence fusion, and explainability on a low-cost commercial microcontroller.
Kumar et al. (Mon,) studied this question.