A review of the conservation status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768) in aquatic systems of Zimbabwe

Nile crocodile survival is threatened by water pollution, habitat loss, extensive water abstraction for irrigation, domestic use and industrial development and overexploitation of fisheries resources in water systems in Zimbabwe. This review assessed the abundance, distribution and population trends of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus Laurent, 1768), and explored the effects of ranching, trophy hunting and human-crocodile conflicts (HCC) on its conservation status in water systems of Zimbabwe. Scoping reviews of available literature and analysis of recurrent themes indicated that crocodile censuses were concentrated in the warmer northern and southern parts of the country. Ranching and trophy hunting have contributed to the increases in crocodile populations. Human encroachment and wetland degradation have increased HCC in fringe communities proximate to protected areas consequently inducing negative perceptions and hurt-rage which threatens crocodile populations. Overall, there is an increase in crocodile populations in sampled areas. Nonetheless, there is a need to assess the abundance, distribution and population trends, and delineate hotspots of suitable habitats and contextual challenges in less sampled areas before stating the national crocodile population estimate. Implementing astute crocodile conservation efforts involving locals is key in HCC mitigation. However, it implores the need for development of pro human-crocodile co-existence and circumstantial HCC resolution policies. For posterity, the conservation status of crocodiles in Zimbabwe should be ascribed as Vulnerable or Near Threatened rather than the current Least Concern or Low Risk status.