Natural resource management in indigenous communities is crucial for territorial sustainability, especially in contexts of increasing external pressure, ecological transformation, and sociocultural change. This study focused on the Awajún and Wampis communities in northern Peru, with the aim of identifying the specific challenges and perceptions they face in managing their natural resources, considering socio-economic, cultural, political, legal, and environmental barriers. A qualitative approach was used, under a phenomenological design, through semi-structured interviews with 18 community authorities, intentionally selected for their experience and leadership in self-management and conservation processes. Thematic analysis revealed a cross-cutting presence of structural factors that limit environmental sustainability and indigenous autonomy. Among the main challenges identified were deforestation, the expansion of illegal mining, weak implementation of intercultural public policies, the progressive loss of ancestral knowledge, and limited community participation in decision-making about their territories. Intergenerational tensions regarding the role of young people in conservation were also identified, as well as a critical perception of the passive role of the state. The graphical visualizations showed a high degree of interrelation between ecological and sociocultural factors, especially between climate change, environmental degradation, and the weakening of indigenous governance. In conclusion, the findings suggest the need to strengthen community participation in environmental management, revitalize ancestral knowledge, foster inter-institutional alliances, and design intercultural policies that recognize and respect the indigenous worldview. This study provides key inputs for the formulation of sustainable strategies aimed at territorial strengthening and the defense of the natural and cultural heritage of indigenous peoples.
Ayay-Arista et al. (Mon,) studied this question.