This review consolidates theoretical and experimental progress on quantum entanglement within open systems, with a particular focus on research conducted in Kenya between 2021 and 2022. It critically synthesises local efforts to model decoherence in noisy environments, offering a unified framework that bridges Markovian and non-Markovian dynamics. The work further identifies key challenges in maintaining entanglement under realistic conditions, thereby providing a foundational reference for future experimental quantum information initiatives in the region. The mathematical description of open quantum systems is examined through the Lindblad master equation and Kraus operator formalism, classifying decoherence into dephasing, dissipation, and collective noise. Striking phenomena such as entanglement sudden death, sudden birth, and revivals are explored, alongside experimental validation on trapped-ion and photonic qubit platforms. A thematic analysis addresses non-Markovian memory effects, which can delay entanglement loss through coherence backflow, and evaluates protection strategies including dynamical decoupling, decoherence-free subspaces, and quantum error correction. The suitability of entanglement measures such as concurrence and negativity for assessing these strategies is discussed. A conspicuous research gap is the near absence of experimental quantum laboratories in East Africa; Kenya lacks infrastructure for trapped-ion or superconducting qubit experiments. This deficit motivates the development of low-cost entangled photon sources based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion using continuous-wave diode lasers, which could support fundamental decoherence studies and proof-of-principle demonstrations of entanglement-based quantum key distribution. Underexplored areas include entanglement in biological systems, hybrid quantum-classical networks, and resource-efficient error mitigation techniques. Theoretically, Kenyan physicists are well positioned to develop open-system models incorporating local environmental conditions, bridging the gap between theoretical elegance and experimental feasibility in resource-constrained settings.
Kamau et al. (Sat,) studied this question.