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This study examined 2 samples of adolescents and mothers using a child-based design (Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development NEAD project, N = 395 families) and a parent-based design (Twin Moms TM project, N = 236 twin family pairs) to compare genetic and environmental influences on mothering. For both samples, the same measures of positivity, negativity, control, and monitoring were used. The use of matched child-based and parent-based samples enabled passive and nonpassive genotype-environment (GE) correlations to be approximated, providing information about process. Passive GE correlations were suggested for mother's positivity and monitoring. For mother's negativity and control, primarily nonpassive GE correlations were suggested. In several cases, both types of GE correlation were indicated. Finally, observer ratings of negativity and monitoring were influenced only by environmental factors.
Neiderhiser et al. (Thu,) studied this question.