Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
The evolution of a universe with =1 which becomes dominated by relatively light, nonintercommuting strings at red shift zₒ is similar to that of a matter-dominated universe with (2+{zₒ) }^-1<1. The existence of such strings can resolve the conflict between the =1 prediction of inflationary cosmology and observations.
Alexander Vilenkin (Mon,) studied this question.