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Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their numerous advantages, such as low greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency, and low maintenance costs. Compared with fuel-powered vehicles, electric vehicles are both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. This paper presents a load frequency control approach for an interconnected multi-area system that connects electric vehicle fleets with multiple power sources. These include geothermal power plants, wind power plants, hydropower plants, Archimedes wave energy conversion, and thermal power plants in a conventional environment. The paper also proposes a cascading controller, combining (Tilt integral derivative with filter) TIDN and (1+PI); i.e., TIDN-(1+PI) for improving the system performance. A new algorithm called the Mine blast algorithm (MBA) is utilized to optimize the proposed controller. This study shows that the proposed TIDN-(1+PI) controller coupled to EV fleets can reduce the frequency and tie-line oscillations significantly quicker than other conventional controls like integral, proportional-integral, etc. In addition, system dynamic performances are evaluated considering different algorithms. System dynamic performances are also compared with and without EVs considering SLP in all areas. The sensitivity assessment concludes by illustrating the robustness of the proposed controllers’ gains. The proposed controllers’ gains are analyzed under different uncertainties and by varying the parameters within the system to demonstrate the robustness of the system. At last, a sensitivity assessment is conducted to exemplify the robustness of the proposed controller gains and associated parameters at the nominal conditions, and it is analysed by considering different uncertainties and changing the values of different parameters within the system. Real-time simulations of the considered power system have been performed using OPAL-RT's digital simulator under different scenarios.
Das et al. (Fri,) studied this question.