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Importance: Approximately half of patients with chronic conditions are nonadherent to prescribed medications, and interventions have been only modestly effective. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a remotely delivered multicomponent behaviorally tailored intervention on adherence to medications for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants: Two-arm pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial at a multispecialty group practice including participants 18 to 85 years old with suboptimal hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes disease control, and who were nonadherent to prescribed medications for these conditions. Interventions: Usual care or a multicomponent intervention using telephone-delivered behavioral interviewing by trained clinical pharmacists, text messaging, pillboxes, and mailed progress reports. The intervention was tailored to individual barriers and level of activation. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was medication adherence from pharmacy claims data. Secondary outcomes were disease control based on achieved levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c from electronic health records, and health care resource use from claims data. Outcomes were evaluated using intention-to-treat principles and multiple imputation for missing values. Results: Fourteen practice sites with 4078 participants had a mean (SD) age of 59.8 (11.6) years; 45.1% were female. Seven sites were each randomized to intervention or usual care. The intervention resulted in a 4.7% (95% CI, 3.0%-6.4%) improvement in adherence vs usual care but no difference in the odds of achieving good disease control for at least 1 (odds ratio OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.94-1.28) or all eligible conditions (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.91-1.22), hospitalization (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.78-1.34), or having a physician office visit (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.91-1.36). However, intervention participants were significantly less likely to have an emergency department visit (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45-0.85). In as-treated analyses, the intervention was associated with a 10.4% (95% CI, 8.2%-12.5%) increase in adherence, a significant increase in patients achieving disease control for at least 1 eligible condition (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03-1.50), and nonsignificantly improved disease control for all eligible conditions (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.99-1.41). Conclusions and Relevance: A remotely delivered multicomponent behaviorally tailored intervention resulted in a statistically significant increase in medication adherence but did not change clinical outcomes. Future work should focus on identifying which groups derive the most clinical benefit from adherence improvement efforts. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02512276.
Choudhry et al. (Mon,) studied this question.