ABSTRACT Aims Insulin resistance and obesity‐associated inflammation are key drivers in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Whilst inflammatory cytokines are well known to impair β‐cell function, their impact on pancreatic α‐cells and glucagon (GCG) regulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interferon (IFN)‐γ on GCG expression and secretion. Materials and Methods The viability and endocrine function of α‐cell line αTC1 and isolated islets were investigated by WST‐1 assay, LDH assay, qRT‐PCR, Western blot analysis and ELISA. The transcriptional activity of the GCG promoter was analysed by reporter gene assays. The cellular composition of isolated islets was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results We found that exposure of the α‐cell line αTC1 to a mix of these cytokines activates cellular stress responses characterised by induction of the nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B‐cells (NF‐κB) pathway and the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Moreover, cytokine treatment markedly reduced GCG gene expression and secretion through repression of GCG promoter activity. Mechanistically, this was associated with a disrupted transcriptional network. These findings were confirmed in isolated mouse islets, where cytokine exposure significantly reduced GCG expression and secretion in islets of both male and female donors. Conclusions Taken together, these findings indicate that inflammatory cytokines are potent modulators of α‐cell function as well as GCG secretion and provide novel insights into inflammation‐driven dysregulation of the endocrine function of pancreatic islets.
Bickelmann et al. (Sun,) studied this question.