Topological Winding and the Origin of Fractional Charge

Standard model parameters, particularly the quantization and fractional nature of electric charge, remain largely empirical inputs within current quantum field theories. Based on the concept of ”Frequency Dividers” previously proposed in A Complex History of Time, this paper introduces a geometric framework—the GITC (Geometric Internal Time Connection) model. The core breakthrough lies in revealing the micro-dynamical mechanism of the frequency divider: the topological winding number n of the spacetime manifold along the imaginary time axis. In this framework, basic particles are not point-like entities but stable standing waves defined by different winding modes in a complexified spacetime manifold. We define the base spacetime evolution as n= 1, with particles emerging as resonant states divided by their winding number n. We demonstrate that fractional charges (−1/3e, 2/3e) are not inherent attributes, but inevitable results of the geometric projection of these fractional winding states onto the real-spacetime manifold, using the electron (n= 1/2) as the topological baseline. Furthermore, we provide a geometric interpretation of SU(3) gauge symmetry, clarifying that gluons function as fractional topological phase compensators, essential for maintaining the stability of the quark system under Z3 symmetry. This framework offers a unified, purely geometric origin for the particle spectrum and gauge interactions, simplifying the complex symmetries of the Standard Model into a periodic table of topological winding modes.